Lab Values

Red Blood Cells (RBCs)
Total Red Blood Cell (RBC) / Erythrocyte count
Male, 4.3 - 5.9 x 10^12/L
Female, 3.5 - 5.5 x 10^12/L
Hematocrit / Packed Cell Volume (PCV)
Male, 41 - 53%
Female, 36 - 46%
Hemoglobin (Hgb)
Male, 13.5 - 17.5 g/dL
Female, 12.0 - 16.0 g/dL
Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV)
80 - 100 fl/cell
Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin (MCH)
25.4 - 34.6 pg/cell
Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration (MCHC)
31 - 36% Hb/cell
Reticulocyte count
0.5 - 1.5% of red cells
White Blood Cells (WBCs)
Total White Blood Cell (WBC) / Leukocyte count
4.5 - 11.0 x 10^9/L
Segmented Neutrophils
65 - 75%
Bands
3 - 5%
Eosinophils
1 - 3%
Basophils
0 - 0.75%
Lymphocytes
25 - 33%
Monocytes
3 - 7%
Coagulation
Platelet count
150 - 400 x 10^9/L
Bleeding time (template)
2 - 7 minutes
Prothrombin time
11 - 15 seconds
Thrombin time
<2 seconds deviation from control
Partial thromboplastin time (activated)
25 - 40 seconds
Liver Function
Serum Bilirubin (Adult)
Total, 0.1 - 1.0 mg/dL
Direct, 0.0 - 0.3 mg/dL
Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST, GOT at 30°C)
8 - 20 U/L
Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT, GPT at 30°C)
8 - 20 U/L
Phosphatase (Alkaline), Serum (p-NPP at 30°C)
20 - 70 U/L
Proteins, Serum Total (recumbent)
6.0 - 7.8 g/dL
Albumin
3.5 - 5.5 g/dL
Globulin
2.3 - 3.5 g/dL
Renal Function + Electrolytes
Urea Nitrogen, Serum (BUN)
7 - 18 mg/dL
Uric Acid, Serum
3.0 - 8.2 mg/dL
Creatinine, Serum
0.6 - 1.2 mg/dL
Calcium, Serum (Ca2+)
8.4 - 10.2 mg/dL
Sodium (Na+)
136 - 145 mEq/L
Chloride (Cl-)
95 - 105 mEq/L
Potassium (K+)
3.5 - 5.0 mEq/L
Magnesium (Mg2+)
1.5 - 2.0 mEq/L
Phosphorus (inorganic), Serum
3.0 - 4.5 mg/dL
Bicarbonate (HCO3-)
22 - 28 mEq/L
Endocrine Function
Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH), Serum or Plasma
0.5 - 5.0 µIU/mL
Thyroxine (T4), Serum
5 - 12 µg/dL
Triiodothyronine (T3), Serum (RIA)
115 - 190 ng/dL
Glucose, Serum (Average)
Fasting 70 - 110 mg/dL
Postprandial (>2hrs) < 140 mg/dL
Random 140 - 199 mg/dL
Hemoglobin A1C
6%
Cholesterol, Serum
Rec:<200 mg/dL
Triglycerides, Serum
35 - 160 mg/dL
Ferritin, Serum
Male 15 - 200 ng/mL
Female 12 - 150 ng/mL
Iron
50 - 170 µg/dL
Total Iron Binding Capacity (TIBC) / Transferrin Conc.
255 - 450 µg/dL
pH
7.35 - 7.45
PCO2
33 - 45 mmHg
PO2
75 - 105 mmHg
Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH), Serum
45 - 90 U/L
Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR)
Male 0 - 15 mm/h
Female 0 - 20 mm/h
Creatine Kinase (CK), Serum
Male 25 - 90 U/L
Female 10 - 70 U/L
Amylase, Serum
25 - 125 U/L
Osmolality, Serum
275 - 295 mOsmol/kg

Internal Medicine

Endocrinology

Endocrinology

MEN, Thyroid Diseases, Parathyroid Diseases, Adrenal Gland Diseases, Pituitary gland Diseases, Pancrease (Diabetes Mellitus)

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PrefaceAboutTopics

Preface

No one wants to waste time reading a preface. Neither did we want to write something that will get ignored. But this isn’t that formality.

We wrote this introduction to quickly explain to you why this course is different. In the book, ‘The Magic of Thinking Big’ author David Schwartz wrote, ‘The story is told that the great scientist Einstein was once asked how many feet are in a mile. Einstein’s reply was, “I don’t know. Why should I fill my brain with facts I can find in two minutes in any standard reference book?” Einstein taught us a big lesson. He felt it was more important to use your mind to think than to use it as a warehouse for facts.’ And then the author goes on to explain that the ability to know how to get and use information is more important than using the mind as a garage for miscellaneous facts.

Unfortunately, most question banks consist of a haphazard assortment of different questions probing for information to prepare you for the exam. But once you get responsible for patients, both you and your patient know that they rely on you for your thinking skills and Google for a quick fact check.

So based on this principle, we develop our courses in Tome Pollom. Every chapter has the concepts explained in a clear, simple, and straight-forward way. In fact, you will need little effort to understand the concepts and will be surprised how quickly and easily you can finish studying!

Our hope is that this course is going to save you time and energy (and sleep and anti-depressants and hair-loss) and much more of your valuable resources. Just see for yourself.

Nevertheless, if you feel anything needs improving from your perspective, or whether the information is unclear or wrong, every page has a ‘Send Us Your feedback’ box for your kind input. We thrive on your feedback and criticisms and we aim to improve as we go along together. So, thank you in advance.

Hope you have a productive session. Make sure you get enough sleep!

About the course

The Endocrinology Question Bank (Q-Bank) is an extensive medical resource focusing on various endocrinological disorders. It provides a detailed exploration of endocrine system pathologies, diagnosis, and management, making it invaluable for medical students preparing for exams or professionals seeking to refresh their knowledge.

This section is structured into multiple parts, each dedicated to a specific gland or hormonal disorder, including the Pituitary Gland, Thyroid Gland, Parathyroid Gland, Pancreas, and Adrenal Glands. Within these sections, various disorders are discussed in-depth through a series of questions and answers, supported by references to scientific literature. Key areas covered include:

  • Pituitary Gland Disorders: This section delves into disorders of both the anterior and posterior pituitary gland, such as Hyperprolactinemia, Excess Growth Hormone Disorders, Empty Sella Syndrome, Craniopharyngioma, Sheehan Syndrome, Pituitary Apoplexy, SIADH, and Diabetes Insipidus.
  • Thyroid Gland Disorders: It covers Hyperthyroidism, Hypothyroidism, Neoplasms, and Thyroiditis.
  • Parathyroid Gland: This section addresses conditions like Hyper– and Hypoparathyroidism.
  • Pancreas: It explores the physiology of the pancreas, various forms of Diabetes Mellitus (Type-1, Type-2, and Gestational), and their complications and management.
  • Adrenal Glands: Here, disorders such as Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia, Cushing’s Syndrome, Hyperaldosteronism, Adrenal Insufficiency, and Pheochromocytoma, are discussed.

Each topic is presented with detailed case-based questions, followed by answers and explanations, providing a comprehensive understanding of the conditions. The questions are designed to challenge and enhance your diagnostic and management skills in endocrinology. 

Additionally, it offers a practical approach to learning through case-based scenarios, making it an ideal resource for exam preparation or clinical practice. And lastly, each segment cites various studies and articles, ensuring that the content is evidence-based and current.

Topics

Pituitary Gland
Thyroid Gland
Parathyroid Gland
Pancreas
Adrenal Diseases
Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia (MEN)

What will you learn

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What our students say

5/5

Cutts Daniel

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4/5

Daniel Smith

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4/5

Katherine Cutts

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