Lab Values

Red Blood Cells (RBCs)
Total Red Blood Cell (RBC) / Erythrocyte count
Male, 4.3 - 5.9 x 10^12/L
Female, 3.5 - 5.5 x 10^12/L
Hematocrit / Packed Cell Volume (PCV)
Male, 41 - 53%
Female, 36 - 46%
Hemoglobin (Hgb)
Male, 13.5 - 17.5 g/dL
Female, 12.0 - 16.0 g/dL
Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV)
80 - 100 fl/cell
Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin (MCH)
25.4 - 34.6 pg/cell
Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration (MCHC)
31 - 36% Hb/cell
Reticulocyte count
0.5 - 1.5% of red cells
White Blood Cells (WBCs)
Total White Blood Cell (WBC) / Leukocyte count
4.5 - 11.0 x 10^9/L
Segmented Neutrophils
65 - 75%
Bands
3 - 5%
Eosinophils
1 - 3%
Basophils
0 - 0.75%
Lymphocytes
25 - 33%
Monocytes
3 - 7%
Coagulation
Platelet count
150 - 400 x 10^9/L
Bleeding time (template)
2 - 7 minutes
Prothrombin time
11 - 15 seconds
Thrombin time
<2 seconds deviation from control
Partial thromboplastin time (activated)
25 - 40 seconds
Liver Function
Serum Bilirubin (Adult)
Total, 0.1 - 1.0 mg/dL
Direct, 0.0 - 0.3 mg/dL
Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST, GOT at 30°C)
8 - 20 U/L
Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT, GPT at 30°C)
8 - 20 U/L
Phosphatase (Alkaline), Serum (p-NPP at 30°C)
20 - 70 U/L
Proteins, Serum Total (recumbent)
6.0 - 7.8 g/dL
Albumin
3.5 - 5.5 g/dL
Globulin
2.3 - 3.5 g/dL
Renal Function + Electrolytes
Urea Nitrogen, Serum (BUN)
7 - 18 mg/dL
Uric Acid, Serum
3.0 - 8.2 mg/dL
Creatinine, Serum
0.6 - 1.2 mg/dL
Calcium, Serum (Ca2+)
8.4 - 10.2 mg/dL
Sodium (Na+)
136 - 145 mEq/L
Chloride (Cl-)
95 - 105 mEq/L
Potassium (K+)
3.5 - 5.0 mEq/L
Magnesium (Mg2+)
1.5 - 2.0 mEq/L
Phosphorus (inorganic), Serum
3.0 - 4.5 mg/dL
Bicarbonate (HCO3-)
22 - 28 mEq/L
Endocrine Function
Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH), Serum or Plasma
0.5 - 5.0 µIU/mL
Thyroxine (T4), Serum
5 - 12 µg/dL
Triiodothyronine (T3), Serum (RIA)
115 - 190 ng/dL
Glucose, Serum (Average)
Fasting 70 - 110 mg/dL
Postprandial (>2hrs) < 140 mg/dL
Random 140 - 199 mg/dL
Hemoglobin A1C
6%
Cholesterol, Serum
Rec:<200 mg/dL
Triglycerides, Serum
35 - 160 mg/dL
Ferritin, Serum
Male 15 - 200 ng/mL
Female 12 - 150 ng/mL
Iron
50 - 170 µg/dL
Total Iron Binding Capacity (TIBC) / Transferrin Conc.
255 - 450 µg/dL
pH
7.35 - 7.45
PCO2
33 - 45 mmHg
PO2
75 - 105 mmHg
Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH), Serum
45 - 90 U/L
Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR)
Male 0 - 15 mm/h
Female 0 - 20 mm/h
Creatine Kinase (CK), Serum
Male 25 - 90 U/L
Female 10 - 70 U/L
Amylase, Serum
25 - 125 U/L
Osmolality, Serum
275 - 295 mOsmol/kg

Segment Tag: Asthma-Part1-Basic-Medicine

Non-Allergic (Intrinsic) Asthma

In other patients, intra-pulmonary inflammation can develop without any allergen sensitization and are said to from intrinsic asthma. For example, viral respiratory infections, commonly respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) in infants and small children, and rhinovirus (RV) in adults will obviously generate an inflammatory response that affect the airways. This will produce airway inflammation and bronchoconstriction …

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Later Stages of Atopic (Extrinsic) Asthma

Late-phase reactions typically occur 4-to-8 hours after the allergen-induced response, and reflects the actions of both innate and adaptive immune cells recruited from the circulation, as well as the inflammatory mediators secreted by those cells. Airway epithelial cells producethe vasodilator nitric oxide (NO) which vasodilate the pulmonary vessels and allow the immigration of immune cells …

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Summary

Asthma = reversible inflammatory airway disease → airway obstruction and dyspnea ⸫ obstructive lung disease. Patients possess a hyperresponsive bronchiolar airway = hypersensitive (respond to low levels of stimuli) + hyperreactive (exaggerated response at normal-to-high levels of stimuli). Airway inflammation is reversible when stimuli is removed. Environmental + genetic factors involved: Low + middle-income countries …

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Pathogenesis and Clinical Manifestation

When an inflammatory response is triggered in the airways, the first in the series of events that take place are bronchospasms. The sudden contraction and constriction of the bronchi makes breathing difficult (dyspnea) and noisy (wheezes) as airflow experiences turbulence in the narrow airway. Some patients may also complain of chest tightness. Additionally, the increased …

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Mediators of Inflammation

Some of the family of cytokines that are produced by T-helper-2 cells and mediate allergic inflammation are the interleukins IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-9, and IL-13, as well as the granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF). Some of these cytokines prime plasma B-cells to increase synthesis and secretion of immunoglobulin E (IgE). In most inflammatory responses, the following …

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Etiology and Risk Factors

A combination of environmental and genetic factors seem to be involved in the development of asthma and we are only beginning to understand it. For instance, low- and middle-income countries suffer from the most severe cases of asthma, and the incidence increases with migration from third-world or rural regions to urban or westernized environments. It …

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What is it?

The term asthma comes from the Greek word aazein, meaning “to pant, or breathe with the mouth open”. As if to say ‘breathing with difficulty’ because asthma is a disease that develops when the airway has a tendency of getting inflamed and constricting in response to a wide variety of stimuli. The inflammatory response causes …

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